Immunology

by Sanjay Kumar, Arbind Acharya

ISBN: 9789371705783
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Imprint : Daya Publishing House
Year : 2026
Price : Rs. 14990.00
Biblio : xiv+365p., figs., tbls., ind., 25cm.,

Author Profile

Prof. Arbind Acharya, the principal author of the book, is currently serving as a Professor and Head of the Department of Zoology. Throughout his career, he has effectively supervised numerous students at both Ph.D. and P.G. levels, guiding them to the successful completion of their theses. Prof. Acharya's contributions extend beyond academia as he has led and successfully concluded several major research projects, receiving recognition and funding from various esteemed agencies. His work has resulted in the publication of more than 70 research papers in internationally renowned journals, solidifying his position as a respected authority in the field. During his tenure, Prof. Acharya has undertaken research visits to numerous countries through faculty exchange programs, fostering global partnerships and enriching the academic landscape. Furthermore, Prof. Acharya's commitment to education is evident in his efforts to introduce immunology into the syllabi of both PG and UG levels within the Department of Zoology, ensuring that future generations of students benefit from a comprehensive and up-to-date curriculum. Dr. Sanjay Kumar, obtained his Ph.D. from the esteemed Department of Zoology at Banaras Hindu University under the guidance of Prof. Arbind Acharya, has been a significant contributor to the book. Following the completion of his Ph.D., Dr. Kumar further honed his expertise by engaging in Post Doctoral research at both Banaras Hindu University and Jawaharlal Nehru University. His research acumen and dedication of more than 10 years are evident through the publication of multiple research papers in highly reputable international journals during his doctoral and post-doctoral studies. His expertise and insights have undoubtedly enriched the content, making it a comprehensive and authoritative resource in the field of tumor immunology and cancer biology.

About The Book

It is very interesting to know that some people are prone to infection and malignancies, whereas some are not. Now-a-days, due to severe side effects, development of new and effective medicine has relied on immunology to cure for many of the diseases. Therefore, much impetus has been started to teach immunology to UG and PG students at the universities level to understand the immunotherapeutic strategies against various diseases such as allergy, infection, auto-immunity and malignancies. This book is dedicated to provide the present knowledge of basic mechanisms of Immunology especially to Undergraduate and Postgraduate students. In the form of this book, we have made an attempt to arrange diverse areas of Immunology in a coherent manner. Therefore, rather than breaking a general subject into too many separate chapters, its various aspects are dealt with together so that their interrelationship can be appreciated. The book clearly summarizes the principle and emerging scope of Immunology in a concise, lucid, and easy manner.

Table of Contents

Contents Preface v 1 OVERVIEW OF DEFENCE MECHNISM IN VERTEBRATES 1 ᇟᇟ Historical Background 2 ᇟᇟ Early Theories of Immunity 3 ᇟᇟ Component of Immune System 3 ᇟᇟ Non-specific or Innate Immunity 4 ᇟᇟ Specific or Adaptive Immunity 8 ᇟᇟ Antigen Recognition by Immune System 12 ᇟᇟ Development of Lymphocytes Specificity and Diversity 13 ᇟᇟ Role of Membrane Bound Glycoprotein Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) 14 ᇟᇟ Antigen Processing and Presentation 14 ᇟᇟ Clonal Selection of Lymphocytes 15 ᇟᇟ Generation of the Humoral immunity and cell mediated responses 16 ᇟᇟ Consequences of Inadequate Immune Response 17 2 CELLS AND ORGANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM 19 ᇟᇟ Hematopoiesis 19 ᇟᇟ Factor Stimulating Hematopoitic System 21 ᇟᇟ Regulatory mechanism of Hematopoiesis 21 ᇟᇟ Programmed Cell Death or Apoptosis 22 ᇟᇟ Cells of Immune System 23 ᇟᇟ Macrophages and Phagocytosis 25 ᇟᇟ Destruction of Phagocytosed Microorganisms 26 viii ᇟᇟ Secretion of Cytotoxic Factors 27 ᇟᇟ Granulocytes 27 ᇟᇟ Mast Cells 28 ᇟᇟ Organs of the Immune System 29 3 IMMUNOGEN AND IMMUNOGLOBULIN 37 ᇟᇟ Origin of antigens 38 ᇟᇟ Superantigens 39 ᇟᇟ Factors Affecting Immunogenicity 41 ᇟᇟ Antigenic determinants 44 ᇟᇟ Characterization of Epitopes Recognized by Β-Cells 45 ᇟᇟ Hapten 47 ᇟᇟ Structural basis of antibody specificity 48 ᇟᇟ Immunoglobulins 49 ᇟᇟ Structure of Antibody 51 ᇟᇟ Multiple Myeloma and Bence-Jones Proteins 52 ᇟᇟ B cell Receptor 63 ᇟᇟ The Immunoglobulin Super family 63 ᇟᇟ Monoclonal Antibodies 64 ᇟᇟ Antigen-Antibody Interaction 68 ᇟᇟ Special Form of Antibodies 74 4 IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENE ORGANISATION AND EXPRESSION 81 ᇟᇟ Genetic Model Compatible with Ig Structure 81 ᇟᇟ Variable Region Gene Rearrangements 85 ᇟᇟ Mechanism of Variable-Region DNA Rearrangements 86 ᇟᇟ V (D) J Recombination Imprecise Joining of Signal and Coding Sequences 88 ᇟᇟ Allelic Exclusion 89 ᇟᇟ Class Switching Among Constant-Region Genes 94 ᇟᇟ Recombinant DNA Technology for Antibody or Antibody Engineering 97 5 MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX AND ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS 101 ᇟᇟ Genesis of Autoimmune Response 101 ᇟᇟ Organization of MHC Genes 101 ᇟᇟ MHC Haplotypes 102 ᇟᇟ Structure and Function of Class I and Class II Molecules 103 ᇟᇟ Nature of peptide binding by MHC molecules 105 ᇟᇟ Detailed Genomic Map of MHC Genes 108 ix ᇟᇟ Differential Expression of the MHC Genes 109 ᇟᇟ Influence of MHC Haplotypes on Immune Response 110 ᇟᇟ MHC and Disease Susceptibility 111 ᇟᇟ Antigen Processing and Presentation 112 ᇟᇟ Self-MHC Restriction of T Cells 112 ᇟᇟ Role of Antigen-Presenting Cells 113 ᇟᇟ Pathways of Antigen Processing and Presentation 115 ᇟᇟ Degradation of Endogenous Antigens in Cytosolic Pathway 116 ᇟᇟ Degradation of Exogenous Antigens by Endocytic Pathway 117 ᇟᇟ Presentation of Non-peptide Antigens 119 6 T cell MATURATION TCR-ANTIGEN-MHC INTERACTION T CELL ACTIVATION AND DIFFERENTIATION 123 ᇟᇟ Stages of Maturation of T Cells in the Thymus 123 ᇟᇟ T cell Receptor 127 ᇟᇟ Structure of T Cell Receptors 128 ᇟᇟ TCR-CD3 Membrane Complex 132 ᇟᇟ Role of T cell Accessory Molecules in TCR Signaling 133 ᇟᇟ Alloreactivity of T Cells 135 ᇟᇟ TH Cell Activation 136 ᇟᇟ Superantigen-Induced T Cell Activation 140 ᇟᇟ T cell Differentiation 141 ᇟᇟ Peripheral gd T Cells: A Paradigm in Immunology 143 7 CELL GENERATION ACTIVATION AND DIFFERENTIATION 145 ᇟᇟ B cell Maturation 145 ᇟᇟ Generation and Transduction of Activating Signals 148 ᇟᇟ B cell-Coreceptor Complex 150 ᇟᇟ Role of TH Cells in Humoral Immune Response 151 ᇟᇟ The Humoral Immune Response 152 ᇟᇟ Role of Germinal Centers in B cell Differentiation 156 ᇟᇟ Regulation of the Immune Effector Response 158 8 CYTOKINES 159 ᇟᇟ The Structure of Cytokines and their Receptors 159 ᇟᇟ The Biological Activity of Cytokines 161 ᇟᇟ Role of Cytokine Receptor in Signal Transduction 162 ᇟᇟ Cytokine Signaling Inhibitors 164 ᇟᇟ Cytokine Secretion by TH1 and TH2 subsets 165 ᇟᇟ TH1 and TH2 subsets Cytokine Cross Regulation 166 x ᇟᇟ Abnormalities Caused by Cytokines or their Receptors 167 ᇟᇟ Use of Cytokines and their Receptors in Therapy 168 9 THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM 169 ᇟᇟ Components of the Complement System and Some Related Diseases 169 ᇟᇟ Complement Activation 170 ᇟᇟ Biological Activities of Component Generation 173 ᇟᇟ Mechanism of Regulation of the Complement System 175 10 LEUKOCYTE MIGRATION AND INFLAMMATION 179 ᇟᇟ Lymphocyte Recirculation 179 ᇟᇟ High endothelial venules (HEV) 181 ᇟᇟ Mechanism of Lymphocyte Trafficking 186 ᇟᇟ Regulation of lymphocyte trafficking and homing 187 ᇟᇟ Mediators of Inflammatory Response 191 ᇟᇟ Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Response 194 ᇟᇟ Anti-inflammatory Agents 196 11 CELL-MEDIATED EFFECTOR RESPONSES 197 ᇟᇟ Effector Responses 197 ᇟᇟ Experimental Assay of Cytotoxicity 203 ᇟᇟ Responses Mediated by Effector TH Cells: Delayed type Hypersensitivity 204 12 HYPERSENSITIVE REACTIONS 207 ᇟᇟ IgE-Mediated Hypersensitivity (Type – I) 208 ᇟᇟ IgG-Mediated Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity (Type II Hpersensitivity) 216 ᇟᇟ Immune Complex-Mediated Hypersensitivity (Type III Hypersensitivity) 218 ᇟᇟ Cell-Mediated Hypersensitivity (Type IV) 220 13 IMMUNE RESPONSE TO INFECTIONS DISEASES 221 ᇟᇟ Immune Response to Viral Infections 222 ᇟᇟ Immune Response to Bacterial Infections 225 ᇟᇟ Pattern-Recognition Receptor (PRRs) 227 ᇟᇟ Protozoan Diseases 235 ᇟᇟ Diseases Caused by Parasitic Worms (Helminthes) 237 ᇟᇟ Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens Causing Diseases 237 14 VACCINES 239 ᇟᇟ Induction of Immunity 239 ᇟᇟ Passive Immunization 240 ᇟᇟ Active Immunization 241 ᇟᇟ Development of Vaccines 242 ᇟᇟ Specific Immunity Dependent Vaccines 247 xi 15 IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES 251 ᇟᇟ Primary Immunodeficiencies 251 ᇟᇟ Prevention of AIDS by Vaccines 265 16 AUTOIMMUNITY AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES 267 ᇟᇟ Single Organ and Cell Damaging Autoimmune Diseases 268 ᇟᇟ Systemic Diseases 271 ᇟᇟ Spontaneous and Experimental Animal Models for Autoimmune Diseases 272 ᇟᇟ CD4+ T cells, T cell receptor, MHC and Autoimmune Diseases 273 ᇟᇟ Mechanisms for induction of Autoimmunity 275 ᇟᇟ Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases 276 17 IMMUNOLOGIC RESPONSE TO TRANSPLANTATION 279 ᇟᇟ Characteristic of Grafts and their Reasons for Acceptance or Rejection 280 ᇟᇟ Immunosuppressive Therapies for Preventing Graft Rejection 286 ᇟᇟ Specific Immunosuppressant 287 ᇟᇟ Treatment Possibility with Transplantation 288 18 CANCER AND IMMUNE RESPONSE TO CANCER CELLS 293 ᇟᇟ Nature and Types of Cancer 293 ᇟᇟ Cancer Related Genes 295 ᇟᇟ Multiple Mutations Cause Cancer 297 ᇟᇟ Cancer of the Immune System 297 ᇟᇟ Immune Response to Tumor 298 ᇟᇟ Response of Immune System to Tumor Cells 301 ᇟᇟ Cancer Immunotherapy or Immunologic manipulation of Cancer 303 19 EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMS AND PRACTICAL APPROACH 309 ᇟᇟ Experimental Model Animal 309 ᇟᇟ Blood 312 ᇟᇟ Lymphoid Organs 316 ᇟᇟ Lymphocytes 317 ᇟᇟ Macrophages 320 ᇟᇟ Immunologic Assays 321 GLOSSARY 337 INDEX 361