Fundamentals of Renewable Energy and Green Technologies

by S K Gupta

ISBN: 9789371700542
View Ebook
Imprint : Daya Publishing House
Year : 2027
Price : Rs. 19995.00
Biblio : xiv+443p., figs., tbls., ind., 25cm.,

Author Profile

Dr. S K Gupta, Born (1949), INAE Distinguished Visiting Professor, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, is an Engineer with specialization in Soil and Water Resources Engineering and Civil Engineering. He obtained B. Tech (Agril. Engg.) from the Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana, in 1970 and Master of Agricultural Engineering from the same University in 1976. He obtained Ph.D. in Civil Engineering from the Jawahar Lal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India in 1984. Since his joining CSSRI in 1971, besides holding scientific positions, he has been Head, Division of Drainage and Water Management, Head, Indo-Dutch Network Project, Head, Division of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering and Project Coordinator (AICRP on Management of Salt Affected Soils and Use of Saline Water in Agriculture). After superannuation, Dr. Gupta worked as Emeritus Scientist (ICAR) and INAE Distinguished Professor at the same institute. Currently, he is professor of Agricultural Engineering (Guest Faculty) at Khalsa College, Amritsar. Gupta is Fellow of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Indian National Academy of Engineering and Indian Society of Agricultural Engineering. He has published more than 150 research papers and 15 books. He has been bestowed with Rafi Ahmad Kidwai Award by ICAR. Besides he is recipient of several other awards from NAAS, ISAE, IE (India), CBIP and MoWR among other organizations. He is the Chief Editor of Journal of Water Management of the Indian Society of Water Management

About The Book

This comprehensive textbook titled “Fundamentals of Renewable Energy and Green Technologies” has been developed to meet the requirement of students and faculty of these disciplines besides other disciplines of science stream such as environmental sciences. The focus of the book is to cover various aspects of bioenergy and renewable clean technologies such as the solar, hydro including Oceans, and wind. The contents covered are as per the Dean's Committee recommendations for various disciplines. The book has been divided into sixteen chapters namely: Classification of energy sources, Biomass and briquetting, Combustion process, Principles of pyrolysis, Gasifiers, Biogas production processes, Biogas plants, Vegetable oils, Biofuels, Solar energy measurement and applications, Solar collectors and their applications, Solar dryers, Photovoltaic cells and practical applications, Hydropower, Wind energy and Life cycle cost analysis. The book is highly illustrated and written in simple and easy to understand English. Glossary of terms, theory and objective type questions and subject index has been included for the benefit of the students. The author believes that the book should prove to be a valuable textbook and an academic asset for students and staff of colleges and universities worldwide. Field practitioner may find it handy to refer the book while dealing with renewable energy in their day to day activities. The author envisages that this textbook will emerge as a valuable academic resource for students and staff alike across colleges and universities worldwide. Furthermore, practitioners in the field will find it indispensable for reference, aiding them in navigating the intricacies of renewable energy in their day-to-day activities.

Table of Contents

Preface v 1. Classification of Energy Sources 1 Energy and Power: Definitions, Forms of Energy, Classification of Energy Sources, Based on Availability in Nature, Based on the Usability of Energy, Based on Transaction, Based on Traditional Use, Based on Energy Storage or Cycling Time, Conventional or Non-renewable Sources of Energy, Nuclear energy, Non-conventional or Renewable Sources of Energy, Sun - the Ultimate Source of Energy, Wind Energy, Hydropower, Biomass Energy, Geothermal Energy, Ocean Tidal, Wave and Thermal Energy, Comparison of Non-Renewable and Renewable Resources, Advantages of Renewable Energy, Disadvantages of Renewable Energy, India’s Energy Scenario, Energy Sources and Consumption Pattern, Energy Security, Renewable Energy Sources and Agriculture, Questions (Theory) 2. Biomass and Briquetting 31 Biomass Feedstock, Availability of Biomass, Constituents of Biomass, Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin, Other Constituents, Characteristics of Biomass and Standard Tests, Total Solids, Biomass Size and Density, Ash Content, Flowability, Grindability, Biomass Conversion, Densification, Biomass Composition and Densification, Types of Densification Processes, Biomass Burning, Briquetting, Advantages of Briquetting Biomass, Briquetting Process, Raw Materials for Briquetting, Preparation of Raw Material, Briquette Making, Briquetting Machines, Components of x Briquetting Machines, Direct Compaction type Machines, Briquetting with Binders, Limitation of Briquetting Machines, Quality Parameters, Pyrolysis/Carbonization and Extrusion, Important Steps, Quality of Briquettes, Uses of Briquettes, Requirements for Briquette Production Unit, Questions (Theory) 3. Combustion Process 59 The Process, Complete versus Incomplete Combustion, Complete Combustion, Incomplete Combustion, Biomass Types, Utilization of Fire-wood, Improved Devices for Combustion, Staged Combustion, Emission of Pollutants, Unburnt Pollutants, NOx Emissions, Particulate Emissions, Combustion Technologies, Co-combustion, Advantages of Biomass Co-combustion, Limitations of Biomass Co-combustion, Methods of Co-combustion, Pre-mixing, Joint Direct Injection, Separate Burning of Biomass and Coal, Parallel Co-firing, Reburning of Biomass in Upper Furnace, Technologies for Co-combustion, Grate Combustor, Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustors (AFBC), Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustor (PFBC), Pulverized Combustor, Examples of Co-combustion, Cogasification, Questions (Theory) 4. Principles of Pyrolysis 77 Pyrolysis, Pyrolysis Techniques, Advantages, Disadvantages, Process Considerations, Raw Materials, Pyrolysis Products, Pyrolysis Reactors, Laboratory Scale, Pilot Scale, Kinds of Reactors, Distinction between Fixed and Fluidized Bed Reactors, Fixed Bed Reactor, Heated Kiln Reactor, Other Reactors, Fluidized Bed Reactor, Bubbling Fluidized Bed Reactor, Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) Reactor, Entrained Flow Reactor, Vacuum Furnace Reactor, Ablative Reactor, Cyclone Reactor, Rotating Cone Reactor, Auger Reactor, Ultra-rapid Pyrolyzers, Bio-oil, Questions (Theory) 5. Gasifiers 99 Gasification process, Pyrolysis Zone, Combustion Zone, Reaction Zone, Raw Materials, Preprocessing of Raw Materials, Gasifying Agents, Types of Gasifiers, Fixed Bed Gasifier, Updraft Gasifier, Downdraft Gasifier, Cross-draft Gasifier, Fluidized Bed Gasifiers, Circulating Fluidized Bed Gasification, Bubbling Bed Gasification, Special Boilers for Heating Applications, Sugarcane Leaf-Bagasse Gasifier, Characteristics of Product Gas, Down Stream Processing and Utilization, Cooling, Tar Removal, Sulphur Removal, Dendro Energy, Utilization Potential, Questions (Theory) 6. Biogas Production Processes 125 Raw Materials, Stages of Anaerobic Digestion, Hydrolysis, Acidogenesis, Acetogenesis, Methanogenesis, Factors affecting Efficiency of Biogas xi Generation, Biogas Plant: Definition and Types, Classification of Biogas Plants, Batch Type, Semi-continuous, Continuous Type, Questions (Theory) 7. Biogas Plants 137 Components of Biogas Plants, Floating Dome Type, KVIC type Biogas Plant, Advantages and Disadvantages of Floating Dome Plants, Fixed-dome type Plants, Advantages and Disadvantages of Fixed Dome Plants, Janata Model, Deenbandhu Model, KVIC and Janata type Biogas Plants: A Comparison, Plug Flow Digesters: Movable Model, Energy from Biogas Plant, Selection of Construction Site, Design of the Plant, Availability of Dung, Digester, Gas Holder, Construction, Plant Layout, Quality of Construction Materials, Handling the Biogas, Production of Heat or Steam, Electricity Generation or Combined Heat and Power, Vehicle Fuel, Handling the Manure, Raw Manure, Liquid Manure, Slurry Manure, Semi-solid Manure, Solid Manure, Advantages of Biogas Slurry, Disadvantages, Cost, Maintenances and General Care, Problems: Causes and Remedies, Cook stove, Combustion of Gas in the Burner, KVIC Burner, Design Considerations for Biogas Burners, Gas Lamp, Questions (Theory) 8. Vegetable Oils 171 Raw Materials, Oils and Fats, Characteristics of Fuels, Combustion Chemistry, Emissions and Deposits, Pre-combustion of Triglycerides, Combustion Problems with Neat Vegetable Oils and their Easters as Fuel, Polymerization, Problems due to High Viscosity, Problems in Association with other Properties, Gumming of Engines, VOs, their Easters and Engine Emissions, Improving the Engine Performance, Vegetable Oil Improvement, Engine Modifications, On-farm Production of Vegetable Oils, Questions (Theory) 9. Biofuels 191 Feedstock for Biofuels, Cellulosic Biomass, Biomass from Sugar and Starchy Crops, Oil-containing or Oil-producing Plants, Biodiesel, Advantages of Biodiesel, Limitations of Biodiesel, Methods of Production, Pyrolysis, Micro-emulsification, Transesterification, Purification of Biodiesel/Glycerin, Biodiesel from Jatropha Oil, Production Process, Characteristics and Applications, Ethanol from Agricultural Produce, Advantages of Bioethanol, Limitations of Bioethanol, Methanol versus Ethanol, Ethanol Production Technologies, Ethanol from Starchy Feedstock (Grains), Ethanol from Sugarcane, Cellulosic Ethanol, Fermentation Method, Ethanol from Bagasse, Thermo-chemical Method, Concluding Remarks, Questions (Theory) xii 10. Solar Energy Measurement and Applications 221 The Sun and the Earth, Solar Radiation at the Earth’s Surface, Solar Constant, Greenhouse Effect, Solar Radiation and Measuring Instruments, Thermopile Pyranometer, Pyrheliometer, Sunshine Recorder, Availability of Solar Energy in India, Applications, Heat Transfer Processes, Conduction, Convection, Radiation, Question (Theory) 11. Solar Collectors and their Applications 235 Solar Collectors, Types of Collectors, Flat Plate Solar Collectors, Evacuated Tube Collectors, Concentrating Collectors, Advantages of Concentrated Solar Collectors, Disadvantages of Concentrated Solar Collectors, General Construction and Types, Parabolic Trough Collector, Parabolic Dish Collector, Power Tower Collector, Linear Fresnel Collector, Compound Parabolic Collector, Solar Space Heating, Passive Heating of Buildings, Active Method, Solar Water Heating, General Guidelines, Solar Distillery, Solar Cooker, Solar Ponds, Convective Shallow Solar Pond, Convective Deep Solar Pond, Non-Convective Solar Pond, Improving the Efficiency of Non-convective Solar Ponds, Solar Pond at Bhuj, Application in Space Cooling and Refrigeration, Questions (Theory) 12. Solar Dryers 267 Solar Dryers, Categorization, Direct Type or Cabinet Solar Dryer, Advantages, Disadvantages, Natural Convection Dryers, Working Principle of ITSD, Forced Convection Solar Dryer (Hot Air System), Mixed Mode Solar Dryer, Solar Tunnel Dryer, Thermal Energy Storage Systems, Questions (Theory) 13. Photovoltaic Cells and Practical Applications 279 Photovoltaics, Photoelectric Effect, Construction of a PV Cell, Working of PV Cell, Voltage and Current, PV Module and Panel, Photovoltaic System, Classification of PV Systems, Advantages of Solar Cell System, Disadvantages of Solar Cell System, Calculation of Energy Generation through PV Panel, Number of Solar Panels Needed, Solar Lantern, Solar Street Lighting, Solar Water Pumping System, Salient Features of the System, Advantages of Solar-Powered Irrigation, Disadvantages, Applications, Solar Fencing System, Basic Components, Types of Fencing Systems, Features of Solar Fencing System, Questions (Theory) 14. Hydropower 303 Historical Brief, Harnessing Water Energy, Gravitational Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy, Conventional Hydropower, Hydropower Plant, Water Power and Electricity Generation, Run-of- the -River Systems, Micro and Mini Hydel Plants, Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage (PHES), xiii Advantages of Hydropower, Disadvantages of Hydropower, Oceanic Hydropower, Tidal Energy, Dynamic Tidal Power, Wave Power, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), Osmotic Power, Advantages of Ocean Energy, Disadvantages of Ocean Energy, Impediments in Harnessing Ocean Power, Ocean Energy: Global and Indian Potential, Hydrogen Fuel Cell, Construction, Working, Advantages, Disadvantages, Future of Hydropower, Practical Exercise, Questions (Theory) 15. Wind Energy 331 Introduction, Wind Power, Machine Power, Advantages of Wind Energy, Disadvantages, Windmills and Wind Turbines, Principle of Wind Turbine, Components of Wind Electric Generation System, Classification of Wind Turbines, Based on Axis of Rotation, Based on Aerodynamics, Based on Size, Based on Types of Output, Based on Rotational Speed of the Turbines, Based on Utilization of Output, Vertical-axis type Wind Turbines, Horizontalaxis Wind Turbines, Sail type Windmill, Rated Capacity and Capacity Factor, Applications, Water Pumping, Wind Turbines for Electricity, Battery Charging, Wind-solar Hybrid Systems, Factors to Consider while Establishing Wind Parks, Suitable Places for Erection of Wind Turbines, Places Unsuitable for Erection of Wind Turbines, Environmental Concerns, Questions (Theory) 16. Life Cycle Cost Analysis 363 Why an Economic Analysis?, Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA), LCCA parameters, Discounting, Inflation, Analysis Period, Residual or Salvage Value, LCCA indicators, Net Present Value, Savings-to-Investment Ratio (SIR), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Payback Period (PBP), Break Even Benefits (BEB), Step-wise Procedure to Calculate LCC, Life Cycle Costs, Benefits, Other Applications, Indirect Benefits, Case for Subsidy, Feasibility Reporting, Questions (Theory) Glossary of Terms 379 Objective Type Questions and Answers 397 References 433 Index 439